Personality supplies the stable half, with the Big Five as the measured model. The tool below drills the labels from your notes.
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Unit 4 phenomena, from your own notes
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Attribution is the unit's first sorting question
Explaining behaviour by character is dispositional; by circumstance, situational. The fundamental attribution error overweights character for other people's actions, and the self serving bias flips the pattern for our own. Scenario stems nearly always hide one of these two, and the label is the mark.
The classic studies carry the conformity section, numbers included
Asch showed participants agreeing with a group's obviously wrong line judgements; Milgram showed obedience to authority continuing into apparent harm. The graded distinction: conformity bends to peers without orders, obedience follows an authority's instruction. Cite the study as evidence and name which pressure the scenario applies.
Groups change behaviour by diluting the individual
Responsibility diffuses as witnesses multiply, which is the bystander effect; effort hides inside collective output, which is social loafing; dissent dissolves into harmony, which is groupthink. Three names, one mechanism, the individual dissolving into the group, and the exam's scenarios are built to make you pick the right one.
Personality's measured model is the Big Five, so anchor there
The Big Five, openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism, is the trait model the course treats as evidence based, stable across time and predictive of outcomes. Given a description, match the trait; given a critique question, remember traits describe consistency rather than explain its origin.
Older theories appear as contrasts, so learn the signature claim
Psychodynamic accounts reach for unconscious conflict, humanistic ones for growth toward self actualisation, social cognitive ones for reciprocal influence between person, behaviour and environment. The exam names a theorist's move and wants the school identified. One signature claim per school is enough; depth belongs to the essay, not the multiple choice.
What to photograph for Social Psychology and Personality
Your phenomena tables and study summaries. Related: Development and Learning, photo to quiz and pricing.
Sources used on this page
- College Board, AP Psychology
- Fundamental attribution error
- Milgram experiment
- Conformity
- Big Five personality traits
- Active recall
- Spaced repetition
- Testing effect
- Forgetting curve
- Generation effect
- Judgment of learning
- Metacognition
- Desirable difficulty
- Distributed practice
- Formative assessment
- Flashcard
- Cloze test
- Multiple choice
- Test (assessment)
- Educational assessment
- Advanced Placement
- Curriculum
- Study skills
- Study guide
- Note-taking
- Overlearning
- Instructional scaffolding
- Item analysis
- Mastery learning
| Cue in the story | Phenomenon | The label that scores |
|---|---|---|
| Character blamed, context ignored | Attribution | Fundamental attribution error |
| Agreeing with a wrong majority | Conformity | Asch's line paradigm |
| Harm continued under instruction | Obedience | Milgram's authority effect |
| Many witnesses, nobody helps | Bystander effect | Diffusion of responsibility |
| Team output hides low effort | Social loafing | Effort lost in the group |
| Deadline meets no dissent | Groupthink | Harmony over accuracy |
What does AP Psychology Unit 4 cover?
Social psychology, attribution, conformity, obedience, group effects, and personality, with the Big Five as the measured model.
What is the fundamental attribution error?
Overweighting character and underweighting the situation when explaining someone else's behaviour.
How do conformity and obedience differ?
Conformity bends to peer pressure without orders; obedience follows an authority's explicit instruction. Asch and Milgram are the paired evidence.
What are the Big Five traits?
Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism, stable descriptors that predict outcomes across settings.
Why does nobody help when a crowd watches?
Responsibility diffuses across witnesses, so each person feels less obliged to act. That is the bystander effect.
Can I build questions from my own Unit 4 notes?
Yes. The questions follow the upload: photograph these pages or attach the PDF, and nothing outside them enters the set.
Last updated: 2026-08-15